To reduce measurement bias, researchers should do which of the following?

• A. Use unvalidated ad-hoc questions
• B. Collect data once
• C. Exclude pilot testing
• D. Use validated instruments

Answer: (D)

Reducing measurement bias hinges on using instruments that have demonstrated validity and reliability. Validated instruments have undergone testing to show they measure the intended construct accurately and do so consistently, which minimizes systematic errors and improves data comparability. In contrast, unvalidated ad-hoc questions can be misinterpreted and introduce measurement error, collecting data only once doesn’t address the instrument’s properties, and skipping pilot testing removes a critical check for confusing items or inconsistent administration. Using validated instruments best lowers measurement bias.